The Presence of Christianity in American Law :: Friedrich Nietzsche Genealogy of Morals Essays

The Presence of Christianity in American Law In his Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche presented his theory on the ascetic priest and how Christianity used the concept of original sin to give man meaning for his suffering. Christianity also gave people a way of channeling their resentment and breaking down socioeconomic barriers under the protection of God. With Christianity came altruism and compelled charity, but moreover, the formation of the congregation where the masses participated in an overwhelming act of self-deception (according to Nietzsche). In the American democracy, socioeconomic barriers are surpassed under the court of law, but this court is supposedly unattached from religion. Nonetheless, the influence of Christianity on American law and morality is such that one can call the U.S. democracy a secularized church (i.e. has the same behavior and structure as a church but without the imposed religiousness). An analysis of the comparison between the Christianity Nietzsche so adamantly criticized a nd the modern American society reveals that a secularized church as such can thrive and prosper despite its â€Å"weaknesses† due to the Christian origin. In Human, All-Too-Human, Nietzsche wrote, â€Å"Christianity came into existence in order to lighten the heart; but now it has first to burden the heart so as afterwards to be able to lighten it†. He criticized Christianity because it promoted suffering and belittled the value of earthly life. Not only were Christians expected to accept suffering as the means to salvation (â€Å"Therefore, since Christ suffered in his body, arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because he who has suffered in his body is done with sin† (1 Peter 4:1)), but the Christian God accepted pain and allowed it to occur. Nietzsche saw this approach to â€Å"life† as a means of self-deception, since one is upholding a divine being who is responsible for this pain (and who may well not even exist) and one is disguising pain as happiness: â€Å"Rejoice that you participate in the suffering of Christ† (1 Peter 4:13). To him, Christianity was a â€Å"dangerous narcoticà ¢â‚¬  (Genealogy of Morals, 3rd Essay, Section 17). With the formation of the Christian congregation, a community formed (which was, according to Nietzsche, implemented by the ascetic priest) that taught social equality.

Modern tragic hero Essay

Aristotle defines a tragedy as a â€Å"form of drama defined by seriousness and dignity and involving a great person who experiences a reversal of fortune†. This ‘great’ person is normally held in high regard and possesses a tragic or fatal flaw which contributes to the reversal of fortune. The character must pass through suffering and trials in which they are brought to their limit and, eventually, the character realises their mistake or flaw, and develops as a result of this. Unfortunately, the development invariably comes too late, and the tragedy ends in the character’s death. According to Aristotle, a tragedy must induce fear and pity in the audience. Watching a person held in high regard fall leaves the audience wondering if a single mistake could really lead to such a drastic turn of events. The Crucible was written at a time when Miller was summoned to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee. During the 1940s and early 1950s, the fear of communist sympathisers became so great that under Senator Joseph McCarthy, the committee became paranoid in its search for possible communists. As this was happening, Miller began seeing parallels between the actions of the committee and the witchcraft trials in Salem two hundred years ago: â€Å"What was manifestly parallel was the guilt, two centuries apart, of holding illicit, suppressed feelings of alienation and hostility toward standard, daylight society†. The possession of lists pertaining to possible offenders is a particular link, and Miller fashioned The Crucible around both the events of his time and the Salem witch trials. Miller wrote the play for modern audiences and while John Proctor’s path is similar to the one defined by Aristotle, there are a number of differences. John Proctor is described as blunt and honest: â€Å"He had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites,† He has a rebellious spirit which leads him to be impulsive and rash on occasions. An example of this is when Parris mentions a faction. Proctor in jest says, â€Å"Then I must find it and join it†. This behaviour typical to Proctor differs a great deal from the repressive norm of the time. His behaviour also leads him to trouble later in the play, as others do not appreciate his more liberal thinking. â€Å"In Proctor’s presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly-and a Proctor is always marked for calumny therefore. † As a result of his sometimes rebellious attitude, he puts himself in a dangerous position when the hysteria elevates. Proctor is principled and a man of conviction. His refusal to go to church is not motivated by laziness but by a dislike of how Parris runs it. Miller also says that he came to, â€Å"regard himself as a kind of fraud†. Proctor understands that he is not the perfect Christian that he appears to be, and while he remains respected in the village, he himself feels undeserving of such respect because of the sins he has committed. As such, his fear of public humiliation is so great that he is reluctant to act when Elizabeth urges him. To Proctor, the risk of Abigail revealing his sins is too great. Proctor is very weak willed at the start of the play, which highlights his vulnerabilities as a human being while making his change all the more pronounced. He lacks moral courage and strength: strength to do what is right and courage to act, despite the risks on his own reputation. In his actions toward Elizabeth, we see he is loyal and caring. Even though he strayed from his vows, he seeks forgiveness more than anything else and puts off Abigail’s advances, â€Å"I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again. † He is protective of his wife’s feelings, and tries to spare them by deceiving through omission. This is demonstrated when Proctor leaves out that he was alone with Abigail for a moment. However, when Elizabeth finds out about it, she is hurt that he lied, and suspicious of his reasons for doing so. Through this deception, Proctor is inadvertently protecting his own insecurities which, while seemingly non existent to the outside world, he displays in private when with Elizabeth. Proctor lacks confidence in regard to his wife. He feels that he is trying hard to gain her trust but is not getting any response from her: â€Å"On Saturday let you come with me, and we’ll walk the farm together. † This is an obvious attempt to do something romantic with his wife, but Elizabeth is less than enthusiastic. Their inability to face up to their problems and the habit of tip toeing around sensitive subjects prevents the forgiveness that he so craves and keeps their relationship tense. With regard to moral courage, Proctor’s fear of humiliation makes him indecisive, as the only way to stop Abigail’s lies is to hurt her. Here he shows his flaws. He doesn’t want Abigail to reveal their affair. He doesn’t want to hurt her because of his affection and while he knows what she is doing is false, his inaction allows the situation to deteriorate drastically over a short period of time- the start of his fall. Proctor also has a great fear of being judged by others, especially his wife. He says to Elizabeth: â€Å"I’ll not have your suspicion any more,† to which Elizabeth replies, â€Å"John, if it were not Abigail that you must go to hurt, would you falter now? I think not. † It is evident that what she says is true, but, because of this, Proctor immediately jumps to his own defence, â€Å"I confessed, confessed! Some dream I had must have mistaken you for God that day†. This reveals his resentment for being judged, and his belief that only God has the right to do so. Elizabeth also points out Proctor’s confliction and self doubt, â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you,† meaning Proctor is punishing himself for his sins, and channelling his guilt by blaming his wife. In this interaction with Elizabeth we truly see how insecure and weak Proctor is, a far cry from the strong outward appearance he shows to others. His inaction stems from his pride, fear and insecurity, and leads to dire consequences for him and Elizabeth. However, as the play progresses, Proctor goes over a sudden and monumental change. Spurred by the arrest of his wife, the innate defiance in him surfaces and Proctor begins to gain moral courage, becoming committed to freeing his wife. Only in the absence of Elizabeth does John discover purpose and tenacity to do what he has to. He is not yet at the point where he can admit his affair openly to stop Abigail, but he begins to see the extent of the hysteria through Mary Warren and resolves to stop it with the aid of Mary Warren, â€Å"All our old pretence is ripped away-make your peace with it! † He must now contend with Mary’s weak nature, and it is ironic that at the moment of gaining new strength, he must help Mary overcome her weaknesses and fears. Proctor is still scared for his reputation, but the arrest of Elizabeth is the catalyst of his future development.

Michael Jord The Greatest Basketball Player Ever - 2085 Words

His will to win is stronger than his will to survive. Michael Jeffrey Jordan is the greatest basketball player ever; however, what sets him apart from the other players and actually everybody on the planet is his refusal to accept defeat. In every facet of his life Michael Jordan has an unrivaled desire to not only win, but to be the best at anything he attempted. Throughout his life, both on the court and in all aspects outside of basketball, Michael Jordan displayed competitive drive unmatched by anyone who’s ever lived. Throughout his career Michael Jordan displayed his competitiveness in the National Basketball Association while playing on the Chicago Bulls. Although the examples are endless, the one game the truly sums up Michael Jordan’s incredible drive to game occurred on June 11th on the biggest stage of basketball: The NBA Finals. It was game five of the seven game series and Michael Jordan wouldn’t let anything or anyone stand in the way of winning the title, not even the flu. Yes, Michael Jordan played game two of the NBA Finals with flu like symptoms and not only did he play but he excelled. Thirty eight points, seven rebounds, five assists, three steals and a block were his stats but the impact of the game was far greater. At every stoppage, at every time out Michael Jordan was seen exhausted, drinking fluids desperately trying to replenish his body fluids. The man who was bedridden up until an hour before game time with the flu was simply mentally willing

Venice - Venice Against The Sea - 1530 Words

Brianna Couture Professor Romero July 7th 2014 Venice Against The Sea Venice is evolving into a crumbling museum says Keahey. In his extensively researched book, Venice against the Sea, Keahey states Venice has sunk six feet over the past 1000 years. While its historical importance as a major hub for trade is over, it remains economically lucrative due to its historically rich Myth of Venice and its significant cultural importance. Venice against the sea describes how the city is being assaulted by climate change along with environmental degradation compounded by a corrupt political system and the very tourism that sustains it. In a 2000 CNN interview then Mayor, Paola Costa states, â€Å"we risk disappearing due to excess love†¦all those who are using Venice for their own interests must make a contribution to preserve the myth† The effects of rising sea water and global warming on the lagoon city are resulting in significant flooding, the worst of which occurred in 1966, the Acqua Alta or high water. It isn’t just climate change that jeopardizes Venice, it was the lapse in upkeep of the foundation, short sighted expansion and redesigning of water ways and the pumping of ground water from beneath Venice that is hastening its sinking. In 1970 this practice was called to a halt. But this danger to Venice is not a new occurrence in Venice’s history, but it is the severity and frequency of the flooding that is accelerating the damage and sinking. The danger from the highShow MoreRelatedRenaissance In Europe851 Words   |  4 Pagesindustrial powerhouses, each with its specific product. 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While other themes in the play are present in the plot and moral message and the themes of love and friendship are more prevalent in the majority of the characters, revenge plays a more significant role in the play. These factors lead to a playRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice939 Words   |  4 Pagestwo of Shakespearean antagonist s of all time. They are alike in more ways than one. Shylock in Merchant of Venice is a Jewish moneylender based in Venice. He has been tormented and repressed mainly by the Christian population. One finds it easy to sympathize with him mainly because he has his own reasons to be loathing, greedy, and miserly. This ends up making the entire ‘Merchant of Venice’ bittersweet. 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The Most Dangerous Game And Porphyrias Lover - 1516 Words

Why does love cause so much death? Is love and loss really that much alike? It is loss because of love. â€Å"What’s the point if you hate, die and kill for Love. What’s the point with a love that makes you hate and kill for† (Gonzalez). Murder and darkness in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and â€Å"Porphyria s Lover† are found in the strangest details that are stated by the authors. The short story, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell, is the tale of a man named Rainsford who is shipwrecked on a deserted and dreaded island, therefore he finds a psychotic man who kills people for a game. The man believes that he is still a civilized person because of the fact that he provides shelter and a bed to his prey before he ends their lives.†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†, Rainsford is terrified to find that General Zaroff is actually a murder. Rainsford is listening intently to the new â€Å"spe cies† that General Zaroff is describing as hunt for his game. General Zaroff has a passion and has become obsessed with hunt because it â€Å"had been (his) life†, but sadly â€Å"hunting was beginning to bore (him)†. He was eager to continue hunting because of how much he enjoyed it. He needed a new way to satisfy himself while still involving himself in hunting. He decided to go to the extremity of killing people to satisfy himself and make him find new excitement in the one hobby that used to be his life and his source of happiness. General Zaroff’s love and passion for hunting cause him to kill and murder because hunting animals was not satisfying him anymore. Rainsford realizes that he is in the presence of a murderer and when General Zaroff is describing how he has found a new hunt for killing Rainsford figures out that â€Å"what (General Zaroff) speak of is murder†. While Zaroff is defending himself by saying that he is not murdering, he doe s not realize that he sounds foolish because he is saying that he has fallen in love with hunting of humans’ The idea that someone is no joke, but General Zaroff thinks â€Å"it’s a game†. Consequently, General Zaroff’s dark side comes through because his love for huntingShow MoreRelatedThe Most Dangerous Game And Porphyrias Lover1258 Words   |  6 Pagespoint with a love that makes you hate and kill for† (Gonzalez). The strangest details are found in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† to convey murder and darkness. The short story, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell, is the tale of a man named Rainsford who is shipwrecked on a deserted and dreaded island, therefore he finds a psychotic man who kills people for a game. The man believes that he is still a civilized person for the reason that he provides shelter and a bed toRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game And Porphyrias Lover Analy sis848 Words   |  4 PagesWhile some stories are nice and happy â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† are not like that. They are about murder. The characters think what they are doing is for everyones well being and that this is normal, but really as the reader we can see that in no way is that normal. The authors use obsession to show man vs. man, man vs. nature and man vs. society. Browning and Connell use conflict to convey that trusting someone may lead to a negative outcome, that can show ones true intentionsRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game And Porrphyrias Lover Analysis1290 Words   |  6 PagesBelieve it or not, in some cases this is what people believe. Two examples of this are the stories, The Most Dangerous Game, and Porphyrias Lover where the authors clearly show this satanic message. Through the use of characterization, and detail the authors Connell, and Browning contend that in some minds people believe murder is accepta ble. Both stories, The Most Dangerous Game, and Porphyria’s Lover use characterization to convey how psycho the characters are. General Zaroff is portrayed to be delusionalRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game Literary Analysis1030 Words   |  5 Pageswant to describe obsession. Connell and Browning both used symbolism and characterization to convey that one should never succumb to obsessive desires. Connell begins in The Most Dangerous Game, wherein he probes individual characters and develops them, just as Browning does in Porphyrias Lover. The Most Dangerous Game begins with a eerie quote displayed at the top of the page. â€Å"The world is made up of two classes- the hunters, and the hunted. The main character, Mr.Rainsford, is an acclaimed

Economic Environment Of Business

Question: 1) What is the GDP gap? and Explain why comparing the GDP's of various nations might not tell you which nations people are better off. 2) What is the "market basket" used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics? Why does the "basket" of goods have to change over time? Give two examples of how the "market basket" has changed over time. 3) During the periods of economicdownturneconomists often note that the unemployment rate falls. They attribute this to the "discouraged worker effect". a) Define an "unemployed person" b)What is the "discouraged worker effect"? c)Why does this drop in the unemployment rate signal bad news? 4) Define the term "inflation". b)Inflation has different effects for different groups of people. Who benefits and who losers out from inflation? c)It is generally accepted that there are two broad types of inflation, demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Describe both the cause and affect of each? Solution 1: GDP Gap The difference between the potential gross domestic product of a country and the potential actual domestic product for a specific period of time is known as GDP gap (Tucker, 2005). Potential GDP can be defined as the maximum GDP of the country which can be achieved through ideal production, high rate of employment across all the sectors with a stable currency and stability of the price of the products. The actual GDP of a country can be defined as an output which has been measured within a specific period of time. The potential output of the country which is wasted is measured. This defines the GDP gap. The GDP gap arises as a result of high rate of unemployment which takes place as a result of inefficiencies of the government and the business (Boyes and Melvin, 2011). GDP Gap = Potential GDP Actual GDP Comparison of the GDP of various Nations does not tell that which Nation is better The GDP of a country is calculated using complex methods. It cannot be considered as a perfect measure of the economic impulse of the country. However it is very important for the Government to devise the economic and social policies on the basis of gross domestic product. If the GDP of a country is not perfectly measured then it will give a false impression of the country. Thus comparison of the countries on the basis of GDP will not be a fruitful measure. The economic impulse of the country cannot be gauged from comparison of the GDP (Layton, Tucker and Robinson, 2011). Solution 2: Market basket can be defined as a group of products and services in a specific market. It refers to the products that are considered in terms of the fluctuating cost in the determination of the consumer price index. CPI measures the change in price of the goods over a period of time of a fixed market basket which contains more than 200 products. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, the CPI basket is based on the data of expenditure of the actual household which has been derived from HES which is conducted by the ABS. The basket of goods can be conceptualized as a shopping basket. The shopping basket contains products for everyday use like clothes, food, furniture and financial services. There price of the whole basket changes with the rise or fall of the goods in the basket. This changes the overall price of the basket. The value of the basket of each year is compared. This helps in the determination of the inflation level. Examples of market basket In order to determine the price of the products used by the household, a survey is conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in the entire nation to determine the spending habits of the residents. The results gathered from the survey helps to construct a market basket of products that is purchased by a typical family. It is seen in the figure that the products used by household can be divided into 11 categories. The employers of ABS conduct a survey to determine the price of the products in eight capital cities of Australia. The CPI is measured as the change in the price of the goods over the period of time consumed by the households in Australia (Valentine et al., n.d.). CPI = Amount required to purchase market basket of goods in the current year / Amount required to purchase the market basket of goods in the base year 2. Another example of market basket can be shown using three products. They are Pizzas, eye examinations and books. CPI = Expenditure in the current year / expenditure in the base year * 100 CPI in the year 2011 = ($900/$750) * 100 = 120 CPI in the year 2012 = ($915/$750) * 100 = 122 Using the market basket of goods, the CPI measures the change in price over the period of time (Hubbard et al., 2011). Solution 3 a.) Unemployed person An unemployed person is an individual who is jobless or refers to someone who does not have a job. The person is available for work but he is not being able to get the job (Arnold, 2001). b.) Discouraged worker effect - Discouraged worker effect means that someone is not looking for jobs as he believes that there is no job available. According to the Bureau of Statistics, discouraged worker refers to a person who wants to work but he is not looking for job for the past four weeks as they believe they will not get job due to some reason due to lack of demand for job in the particular field(Arnold, 2001). This effect is known as discouraged worker effect. It is seen according to statistics that the recent graduates, older workers and the minorities tend to become discouraged workers (Hamlin, 2015). c.) Fall in the rate of employment causes negative impact on the economy. The ripple effect caused by unemployment affects the overall economy and the community. High rate of unemployment results in the decline of the purchasing power of the consumers. This affects the sale of the company. The company suffers from loss in the business which has negative impact on the growth of the economy (Ryan, 2015). Solution 4 a.) Inflation Inflation can be defined as the rise in the general level of prices of the goods and services (Frisch, 2015). It is measured as an annual rise in the prices of the goods and services. b.) Gainers Debtors or the Borrowers The debtors utilize the loan when the purchasing power is high. But due to inflation, there is decline in the real value of money. Thus the debtors have to pay less to the creditors in real terms. Losers - The creditors are the losers. There will be reduction in the purchasing power from the repayment of the loan amount (Hall, 1982). c.) Demand pull inflation Cause The excess demand in the economy due to increase in the money supply in the economy results in demand pull inflation. It occurs in an economy which is expanding. Effect There is reduction in rate of unemployment. Cost push inflation Cause It is caused by the rise in the price of the inputs like labor, material. The rise in these factors of production results in fall in the supply of the goods. Effect The rise in the manufacturing goods will result in the rise in the price of related products (Economic Environment Of Business 2Nd Ed., 2015) ; (Gali , 2008). References Arnold, R. (2001). Economics. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub. Boyes, W., Melvin, M. (2011). Economics. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Economic Environment Of Business 2Nd Ed.. (2015) (pp. 100-150). Frisch, H. (2015). Theories of Inflation (pp. 1-30). Gali , J. (2008). Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Hall, R. (1982). Inflation, causes and effects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hamlin, K. (2015). What Is the Discouraged Worker Effect?. Small Business - Chron.com. Hubbard, G., Brien, T., Lewis, P., Garnett, A. (2011). Macroeconomics (2nd ed., pp. 200-300). Layton, A., Tucker, I., Robinson, T. (2011). Economics for Today (pp. 250-270). Ryan, T. (2015). The Overall Effects of Unemployment. Small Business - Chron.com. Tucker, I. (2005). Macroeconomics for today = Jin ri hong guan jing ji xue : di 3 ban. Beijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she. Valentine, T., Garrow, N., Garnett, A., Lewis, P., Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. et al. Economic context of management

The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering free essay sample

The most prominent and perhaps the most acceptable reason given for genetic engineering is its potential use in preventative medicine. A few cells from an embryo could be genetically analyzed to detect harmful mutation or predisposition towards disorder, at which point action could be taken either through somatic cell or germ-line gene modification. In 1993, the gene that causes Huntingtons Disease was located, and scientists are currently trying to determine its normal function (The Benefits of Genetic Engineering). Assuming researchers succeed in this endeavor, genetic engineering could then be used to eliminate a debilitating and ultimately fatal disease that affects approximately 30000 Americans and that has the potential to affect 150000 more through genetic inheritance (Huntingtons Disease). In 1997, a group of scientists successfully diagnosed familial adenomatous polyposis coli, the dominant cancer predisposition syndrome, in three preimplantation embryos. This type of cancer predisposition affects 1 in every 10000 people America, Britain, and Japan, making it a relatively common malady (Ao, 140). We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Schizophrenia has been shown to run in families; even adopted children of schizophrenic parents are ten times more likely to develop schizophrenia, regardless of whether or not their adoptive parents are affected (Bernstein, 518). Lastly, birth defects such as downs syndrome could be eliminated through genetic engineering (Resta). A more ambiguous reason for genetic engineering is the elimination of common defects that vary in seriousness, such as sensory impairment. Dozens of chromosomes linked to hearing impairment have been located (Ruben, 33). Although treatment for such conditions initially looks promising, as the elimination of complete blindness or deafness would alleviate hardships caused by these disabilities, removing serious sensory conditions and actually raising sensory ability to a level above normal are separated by a fine line. Due to relatively recent historical events, predominantly the practices of the Nazi party before and during World War 2, eugenics is rightly seen as a major risk to developing genetic engineering technology. Eighteen percent of people interviewed in the United Kingdom said that if they could choose, they would make their child less likely to exhibit aggressive or alcoholic behavior (Henig, 58). Technically, if the gene for this behavior were isolated, it most likely could be altered, but it should be understood that a genetic predisposition towards a certain behavior neither guarantees that the behavior will manifest nor does it guarantee that the behavior will not be apparent even if the genetic predisposition is not present. Thus, not only is genetically engineering behavior morally and ethically questionable, it is highly unfeasible. Also, whether genetic engineering is undertaken for good or bad, the quality of the outcome must be considered.